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Lactarius helvus
''Lactarius helvus'', commonly known as fenugreek milkcap, is a member of the large milkcap genus ''Lactarius'' in the order Russulales. Fruiting bodies can be found in ''Sphagnum'' moss in coniferous and deciduous woodland in Europe, and possibly North America, although considerable debate continues about the North American variety, formerly referred to as Lactarius aquifluus. Mushrooms are pale brown-grey or beige in colour and funnel-shaped, with colourless, watery milk. Its distinctive smell has been likened to fenugreek, celery, liquorice, or Maggi instant soup. Mildly toxic when raw, it has been implicated in the poisoning of 418 people near Leipzig in October 1949. However, it is used in small quantities as a spice when dried. Sotolon, the agent that gives the fungus its odour, also occurs in fenugreek, maple syrup and lovage.
The possible North American variety has a more salmon to pink color with scant watery milk and a strong smell of maple syrup or caramel. In Quebec it is known as the maple milky cap (Lactaire à odeur d'érable), and is fairly commonly eaten cooked and also sold as a dried powder and used as a spice, much in the same way that the candy cap mushroom is used on the west coast. Thus far, there have been no reported cases of illness from this variety in North America. Some confusion with the species Lactarius quietus var incanus is possible due to the similar smell. Lactarius quietus var incus, however, has a darker and more red appearance and when young, its milk is opaque and white, as opposed to the clear milk in Lactarius helvus. Furthermore, the possible North American variety of Lactarius helvus is restricted in distribution to the great lakes and north east, while lactarius quietus var incanus is commonly found much further south.
==Taxonomy==
It was initially described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821 as ''Agaricus helvus'', before he placed it in the genus ''Lactarius'' in 1838. Peck's ''Lactarius aquifluus'' has been deemed a synonym. The specific epithet ''helvus'' is derived from the Latin for 'honey-yellow'. Its name in German is ''Maggipilz''. S
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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